When it comes to finding food, the human species clearly prefers the supermarket to the forest. Nevertheless, foraging for edible wild plants has become increasingly popular among some dedicated foodies. The wild foods movement is led, in large part, by two members of the tribe: Russ Cohen of Arlington, Mass., and Steve Brill of Mamaroneck, N.Y., the latter a figure more prominently known as “Wildman.”
Foraged foods are enjoying a renaissance, thanks in part to the growing popularity of eating locally. After all, there is nowhere more local than your backyard. Wild foods have always been on the menu at Chez Panisse in Berkeley, Calif., and seasonal, locally grown foods are featured on the menus of a number of high-profile restaurants, including Blue Hill in New York and Lula Cafe in Chicago, a city that takes its name from an Algonquian word for wild onions.
I recently attended one of Brill’s walking tours, during which we found, and ate, more than 20 different plant species, all within New York City’s Central Park. Among our many finds were wild American persimmons, which are comparable in flavor to an extremely ripe apricot or Medjool date. When the group paused under one such tree, Brill shook it, and the persimmons rained down like manna from heaven. The tour lasted four hours, and many participants left with plastic bags full of wild greens, nuts, fruits and roots.
Cohen, a self-described “rivers advocate” and environmental lawyer, is Brill’s Boston counterpart. He also conducts edible-plant walking tours and lectures, and has published several articles and one book, “Wild Plants I Have Known… and Eaten” (Essex County Greenbelt Association). Cohen has been teaching courses on wild edibles for 33 years for private groups and organizations, such as the Massachusetts Audubon Society and the Appalachian Mountain Club.
While neither Cohen nor Brill is particularly observant, both were raised Jewish and identify culturally as Jews. They both learned to forage at a young age, from family members who took them berry picking and nut gathering, and the two have always considered gathering wild edible plants to be in keeping with their Jewish cultural roots.
The most transparently Jewish component of Brill’s recent walking tour was his sense of humor, which Cohen, who is Brill’s friend as well as his colleague, described as “totally borscht belt.” When asked about his relationship to Judaism, Brill began by saying, “I was born Jewish, but put me in front of a camera, and I turn into a ham.” He went on to describe how his Jewish grandmother taught him how to cook, a skill that features prominently in his adult life as he continues to invent creative recipes for the wild plants he finds.
Both Brill and Cohen have mixed their passion for foraging and their cultural upbringing by incorporating wild ingredients into traditional Jewish recipes. Brill makes his grandmother’s Apfel-charlotte cake with wild varieties of apple and ginger, plus berries from the aromatic plant known as spicebush. Cohen uses wild fruits and nuts to create what he calls “rustic rugelach,” and makes a kugel using a small, indigenous fruit called ground cherry, which is related to the tomato and has a range that spans North America.
The fact that two of the most prominent men in the wild foods movement are Jewish is perhaps a happy coincidence, but there is an unmistakable Jewish connection to foraging, with numerous references to wild foods in the Bible — most notably, during the 40 years the Israelites spent in the desert. Displaced persons are often forced to live off the land, and given the long history of Jews and dislocation, wandering and foraging have often gone hand in hand. It also helps that all wild plants are automatically kosher.
While foraging was a means of survival during biblical times, it is a means of spirituality for some modern Jews. Cohen borrows a phrase from the Christian tradition in saying that eating wild foods is like “taking communion.” Every time he bites into a piece of his acorn bread or autumn olive fruit leather, Cohen feels a visceral connection to the forces of creation. “Foraging is a deep way of connecting to the place where you are, much more so than just eating Buffalo wings in Buffalo,” Cohen said.
Foraging also embodies the environmental ethics of Judaism. In Cohen’s words: “That was part of the message. God gave us the planet to take care of, not to make a pile of money off of.” Brill added that taking care of the environment should be a “huge imperative” in Judaism, and both men use their foraging presentations as a platform for preaching conservation.
“When people think of the environment these days, there’s a lot of guilt,” Cohen said. “Humans have indeed despoiled the earth in many ways, but foraging is a chance to show your appreciation for nature through your taste buds.”
Alleviating guilt with food: now that’s Jewish.
Aaron Kagan is a freelance writer living in the Boston area.
4 ounces oat flour or any whole-grain flour
6 tablespoons flaxseeds, ground
1/2 teaspoon salt
3/4 teaspoon baking soda
1/2 teaspoon nutmeg, ground
1/2 teaspoon dried wild ginger (Asarum species) or commercial ginger, ground
1/2 teaspoon common spicebush (Lindera benzoin) berry, or 1/2 teaspoon allspice, ground
1-1/3 cups silken tofu, drained
1-1/2 cups soymilk or nut milk
6 tablespoons corn oil or flaxseed oil
1/4 cup lecithin granules
1 teaspoon vanilla
1/4 teaspoon liquid stevia, or 2 tablespoons honey, rice syrup, or barley malt
1 pound noodles, homemade or commercial
1 pound wild apples (Malus species) or Granny Smith apples, cored and sliced
1-1/2 cup raisins
1 tablespoon poppy seeds
Sift together flour, flaxseeds, salt, baking soda, nutmeg and ginger.
Grind the spiceberry in the food processor or chop finely by hand.
Add the tofu, flour mixture, soymilk, oil, lecithin granules, vanilla and stevia, and puree.
Mix with the apples and raisins.
Meanwhile, boil the noodles in salted water with a dash of oil until nearly done.
Drain the noodles and mix them with the mixed ingredients.
Put this in an oiled casserole dish, sprinkle with poppy seeds, and bake, covered, 45 minutes in a preheated 350° F oven.
Serve hot or cold, topped with jam or soymilk if desired.
Serves 8 Prep. Time: 1 hour and 45 min.
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What began as an engaging little article featuring the remarkable avocation shared by two inspiring gentlemen -- who just 'happen' to be Jewish -- transmogrified, at least for me, by its eighth paragraph into glimpse at the very soul of Judaism and our Maker's grand design for us and for the world (provided and requiring, as is always the case, that the world and its inhabitants make good choices). I also see the author did the photo of Brill, which, too captures the essence of the man, at least in his best known milieu. Nice stuff.
Its about time that some one came up with a more healthy recipe. Both Brill and Cohen are contributing to a more healthy life style which more Americans ought to follow in the wake of so many unhealthy over weight people about. When I was growing up the only fat people I ever saw were in carnival freak shows and now the only slim people you see are very rare.
Aaron - thanks for interviewing me for this article. I realize the limited space allocated for this story in the printed version of the Forward necessitated you leaving out some content that you would have like to include. So perhaps I can make partial amends for that in the on-line versaion of the article by including my recipe for Rustic Ruggelach here that your article refers to: Rustic Ruggelach Dough: 1/2 Tbsp. butter 8 oz. cream cheese 2 cups pastry flour mix together and sprinkle with water if necessary makes a dry dough). Refrigerate. Filling: 1 cup wild jam (blackberry, mulberry, rose hip, etc.) 1 cup finely chopped wild nuts (hickory, black walnut, butternut, hazelnut, etc.) - or - 1 cup chopped dried wild fruit (juneberries, wild apples, blueberries, etc.) 1 cup finely chopped wild nuts (hickory nuts, black walnuts, hazelnuts, etc.) 1 tsp. cinnamon Add water as needed to make filling easy to spread. Divide dough in two parts - Roll each part into a circle and cut into 16 "pie-slice"-shaped wedges. Spread with filling and roll each wedge from the outside toward the center. Place on greased cookie sheet Bake 15 minutes at 350 degrees F. Makes 32 small pastries (8-10 servings). NOTE: This is a relatively "healthy" (i.e., not very sweet) dough recipe. Adding some sweet fruit juice instead of water in this recipe, or using a fruit-flavored cream cheese instead of regular cream cheese, might help to liven things up a bit. Happy noshing on the landscape everyone - Russ
Just to set the record straight, Steve Brill is less "foodie" than a really good amateur naturalist. "Foodie" makes him sound Johnny-come-lately, which he certainly isn't. I remember the days of carrying whistles to avoid the NYC park rangers, and then his "rehabilitation" by the Parks Department into an employee. More than twenty years ago, I was a teen-aged "green" learning about the NYC micro-environment, eating violets and chickweed along the way. He put out a field guide years ago--it's full of great info. If he's still doing walks with the Parks Dept., it's the best Sunday AM investment you could make.
Hi Everyone and Yehudis, I greatly appreciate the article, and I'm sure Russ feels the same way. Thanks! I left the NYC Parks Dept. in 1990 after working with them for 4 years. The administration changed and the new commissioner reneged on the agreement I'd made with the previous one. Unfortunately, after 26 years of dedicating my life to hands-on environmental education, some NYC Parks Dept. officials have resumed persecuting me (while officials outside the city pay me to lead the same tours!), with the blessing of Commissioner Adrian Benepe (with whom I worked in the 1980s, and who had claimed to support my work in the past), while other NYC Parks Dept. personnel are friendly to me. And this time, the press isn't covering the situation. I had to go to environmental court in the fall for teaching innercity kids about nature, but it looks like the judge is going to throw out the charges when he makes his decision later this winter. I'll continue my tours no matter what these enemies of hands-on environmental education do next. I lead tours throughout the NYC tri-state area every Sat., Sun., and holiday March to December, and you can find out more about me or get signed copies of my books and DVD on my website, wildmanstevebrill.com. If you're in the Boston area, don't miss Russ' excellent tours. Check out http://users.rcn.com/eatwild/sched.htm.